California declares state of emergency amid avian flu outbreak

California has established the largest testing and surveillance system in the country to address the outbreak.

California has declared a state of emergency to expedite the response to the cases of avian flu A (H5N1) detected in the state. This measure comes after identifying cases in dairy cows on farms in Southern California, highlighting the need to strengthen surveillance and follow a coordinated approach to contain and mitigate the spread of the virus. “Although the risk to the population remains low, we will take all necessary measures to prevent the spread of this virus,” stated Governor Gavin Newsom.

The virus has affected dairy cattle in 16 states after its first confirmed detection in Texas and Kansas in March 2024. So far, there has been no person-to-person transmission of avian flu in California, with most of the infected individuals having had contact with affected livestock. In response, California has established the largest testing and surveillance system in the country to address the outbreak.

Avian flu was first detected in wild birds in South Carolina and California in 2022. In August 2024, it was confirmed in a dairy cow in Central California, prompting the Department of Public Health to activate its Medical Health Coordination Center. Given that California is the leading producer of milk in the U.S., accounting for 18.2% of the national production, emergency measures have been implemented to protect the industry and the population.

Symptoms of avian flu in humans

Thanks to coordinated public awareness efforts between the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA), and other agencies, the state is leading an interagency response with resources available to Californians. Below are the symptoms in humans when there is a risk of H5N1 infection. It is important to note that symptoms can vary and are similar to those of the common flu, so it is crucial to consult a medical specialist. Symptoms typically include:

Fever (in most cases)
Cough
Sore throat
Runny or stuffy nose
Muscle or body aches
Fatigue
Headache
Red eyes (conjunctivitis)
Breathing difficulties
Diarrhea

Other symptoms, in individuals with severe illness, may include pneumonia, organ dysfunction, or nosebleeds and gum bleeding. To diagnose avian flu, laboratory tests with nasal or throat swabs are used.

Methods of avian flu prevention

H5N1 is one of the most common avian flu strains to jump from birds to humans. Infected birds spread the virus through their saliva, mucus, and feces. If these substances come into contact with a person’s eyes, nose, or mouth, or are inhaled, the risk of infection arises. Currently, there is no available vaccine for the population to control symptoms or the infection. However, several precautions can be taken to reduce risks:

Use protection when in contact with birds or other animals that may spread the virus.
Wash hands frequently with soap and water after contact with birds or other animals.
Handle and cook food safely.
Avoid consuming raw milk and unpasteurized foods.